Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are a relatively small group of neurons in the mammalian
brain controlling a wide range of behaviors. In recent years, increasingly sophisticated …

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of midbrain
dopamine neurons, which results in numerous adaptations in basal ganglia circuits …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) drive reward-
related motivation. Although dopamine neurons are predominant, a substantial …

Most studies on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
have focused on dopamine neurons and their role in processes such as motivation …

Dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, has historically been associated with the
encoding of reward, whereas its role in aversion has received less attention. Here, we …

The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions,
including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed …

Recent advances in neural tracing have unveiled numerous neural circuits characterized by
brain region and cell type specificity, illuminating the underpinnings of specific functions and …

Several neuronal populations in the brain transmit both the excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmitters, glutamate, and GABA, to downstream neurons. However, it remains …

The brain operates with simultaneous different sensory modalities in order to engage
adaptive responses. However, the question of how (and where) multisensory information is …