Chronic inflammation is a component of many disease conditions that affect a large group of
individuals worldwide. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent, low-grade …

Diabetes mellitus, a very common and multifaceted metabolic disorder is considered as one
of the fastest growing public health problems in the world. It is characterized by …

Summary Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by
hyperglycemia due to progressive loss of pancreatic beta cells. Immune-mediated beta cell …

Animal models have historically played a critical role in the exploration and characterization
of disease pathophysiology and target identification and in the evaluation of novel …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) controls the homeostasis and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and
defects in the IL-2 pathway contribute to multiple autoimmune diseases. Although …

Recently, the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased rapidly and became a major
public health concern worldwide. Various factors are associated with the development of …

Obesity is characterized by an increase in body weight associated with an exaggerated
enlargement of the adipose tissue. Obesity has serious negative effects because it is …

Abstract Purpose of Review Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common
complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia seen in patients with diabetes mellitus …

Streptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that causes pancreatic islet β‐cell destruction and is
widely used experimentally to produce a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Detailed …

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease initiated by the invasion of pancreatic islets by
immune cells that selectively kill the β cells. We found that rodent and human T lymphocytes …