Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that primarily
affects the joints. One hypothesis for the pathogenesis of RA is that disease begins at …

Host–microbiota interactions are fundamental for the development of the immune system.
Drastic changes in modern environments and lifestyles have led to an imbalance of this …

Abbreviations: AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; AIH,
autoimmune hepatitis; ALF, acute liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AMA …

The factors that influence the composition of the gut microbiome are diet, ethnicity,
antibiotics, stress, psychological factors, maternal health during pregnancy, the method of …

The study of the gut microbiome has increasingly revealed an important role in modulating
brain function and mental health. In this review, we underscore specific pathways and …

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is a well-studied probiotic bacterium that can colonize a
large number of mammals. In humans, L. reuteri is found in different body sites, including the …

Microglia are embryonically seeded macrophages that contribute to brain development,
homeostasis, and pathologies. It is thus essential to decipher how microglial properties are …

The distribution of gut microbiota varies according to age (childhood, puberty, pregnancy,
menopause, and old age) and sex. Gut microbiota are known to contribute to gastrointestinal …

Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

The gut microbiota is a complex system, consisting of a dynamic population of
microorganisms, involved in the regulation of the host's homeostasis. A vast number of …