This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Chronic pain remains to be a clinical challenge due to insufficient therapeutic strategies.
Minocycline is a member of the tetracycline class of antibiotics, which has been used in …

The diterpenoid alkaloids are a family of extremely important natural products that have long
been a research hotspot due to their myriad of intricate structures and diverse biological …

The C 18-diterpenoid alkaloid lappaconitine (LA) is a non-addictive analgesic used in
China. The toxicity (LD 50= 11.7 mg/kg) limits its application. Two series of LA derivatives …

Electroacupuncture produces analgesia in chronic pain patients and animal models of pain
hypersensitivity. The current study aims to illustrate the mechanisms underlying …

Abstract Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is antinociceptive in various animal models of pain without
induction of tolerance, and its mechanism of action was generally believed to be mediated …

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exenatide stimulates microglial β-
endorphin expression and subsequently produces neuroprotection and antinociception …

Abstract The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated receptor belonging to the P2 receptor
family. It is distributed in various tissues of the human body and is involved in regulating the …

Cancer pain is one of the main complications in advanced cancer patients, and its
management is still challenging. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel …

Background Cinobufagin is the major bufadienolide of Bufonis venenum (Chansu), which
has been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic pain especially cancer pain. The …