To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME),
and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

Aging is a major cause of many degenerative diseases. The most intuitive consequence of
aging is mainly manifested on the skin, resulting in cumulative changes in skin structure …

Cancer is a condition where the body cells multiply in an uncontrollable manner.
Chemoprevention of cancer is a broad term that describes the involvement of external …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Genetics plays a role, to a greater or lesser extent, in all diseases. Variations in our DNA and
differences in how that DNA functions (alone or in combinations), alongside the environment …

Apigenin is a common dietary flavonoid that is abundantly present in many fruits, vegetables
and Chinese medicinal herbs and serves multiple physiological functions, such as strong …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction, as a highly conserved
signaling pathway, is reported to be involved in various biological events, including …

Approximately one-half of advanced (unresectable or metastatic) melanomas harbor a
mutation in the BRAF gene, with V600E being the most common mutation. Targeted therapy …

The prognostication of colorectal cancer (CRC) has traditionally relied on staging as defined
by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and American Joint Committee on …