Aim We systematically reviewed the literature on the influence of low and moderate amounts
of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure on early child development. This paper also …

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent complication during
pregnancy. Untreated GDM is a severe threat to maternal and neonatal health. Based on …

Background The teratogenic effect of fetal alcohol exposure may lead to actual and potential
problems, instantly after birth, at infancy; or even later, and mental impairment in life. This …

OBJECTIVE: Studies of possible implications of the maternal hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection in terms of intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth (PTB), low birth …

Background Pregnancy-specific anxiety is an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy
outcomes. It is therefore needed to gain insight in which women are at risk for elevated …

Background Women undergo significant physical, physiological, and psychological changes
during pregnancy. They are also exposed to sociocultural pressure to meet appearance …

From 1985 to 2013, the mean birth weight of infants in Japan decreased from 3120 g to
3000 g, and the low-birth-weight rate among live births increased from 6.3% to 9.6%. No …

Background Spontaneous preterm birth is commencement of labor with intact or pre labor
rapture of membrane and birth before 37 weeks of gestation. The aim of this study was to …

Although several epidemiological studies reported that maternal chronic hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infection had significantly increased risk of undergoing adverse obstetrical and …

Background Abnormal birth weight–small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational
age (LGA)–are important indicators for newborn health. Due to changes in lifestyle in recent …