Introduction Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Standard-of-care immunosuppressive therapies achieve poor complete renal response …

Thrombin is a serine protease with an essential role in homeostasis and blood coagulation.
During vascular injuries, thrombin is generated from prothrombin, a plasma protein, to …

Dyslipidemia refers to the abnormality of lipid metabolism. The aberrant lipid profiles are
usually characterized by elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL …

Patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) suffer from urinary loss of albumin. As a cause,
previous studies focused on the glomerular filter rather than analyzing the molecular …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of nephrotic syndrome. Review the presentation of patients
with nephrotic syndrome. Summarize the treatment and management options available for …

Abnormalities of thyroid function are common in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS).
However, a limited number of studies have reported on the association between …

The levels of serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) and their value in clinical practice were studied. A total of 68 patients with active SLE …

Podocyte apoptosis is considered as the important element that promotes the development
and progress of membranous nephropathy (MN). Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism …

Background The kidney function monitoring is recommended in routine practice to detect 5-
aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) related nephrotoxicity, although is not standardized. The optimal …

The kidney is a structurally complex organ essential for human survival since its embryonic
development. Every cell in the renal parenchyma is highly specialized in maintaining …