Violet and blue light are responsible for 45% of scotopic, 67% of melanopsin, 83% of human
circadian (melatonin suppression) and 94% of S-cone photoreception in pseudophakic eyes …

Carotenoids are of great interest due to their essential biological functions in both plants and
animals. However, the properties and functions of carotenoids in natural systems are …

Vision starts in retinal photoreceptors when specialized proteins (opsins) sense photons via
their covalently bonded vitamin A derivative 11cis retinaldehyde (11cis-RAL). The reaction …

Purpose.: By reducing rod intrusion and improving efficiency of neural signaling throughout
the visual system, macular pigment (MP) could improve many aspects of visual performance …

purpose. To separately measure the optical densities of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) in the
human retina in vivo. L and Z are the basic constituents of the macular pigment (MP) …

Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential dietary compound with myriad metabolic and regulatory
functions. Deficiency can result in vision problems, compromised immune responses, and a …

In autumn, as chlorophyll gradually disappears from leaves, the colorful world of carotenoids
unfolds with colors ranging from deep red to light yellow. The prime reason for the presence …

The vitreous body of the eye of human fetuses contains serum albumin (SA) and alpha-
fetoprotein (AFP), which is normally characteristic of human embryos and fetuses. In the …

Background It has been shown that rod‐mediated dark adaptation is significantly delayed in
ageing, a change which is exacerbated in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Levels …

Core Messages Macular pigment (MP) is composed of the stereo-isomers lutein and
zeaxanthin. The absorption peaks at the center of the fovea and decreases rapidly with …