Influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating from animal reservoirs pose continuous threats to
human health as demonstrated by the Spanish flu pandemic. Infection starts by attachment …

Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in
wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with …

We have surveyed avian influenza virus (AIV) genomes from live poultry markets within
China since 2014. Here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from May …

Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza
viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in …

The H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza virus causes sporadic but fatal infections in
humans. H5N1 virus infection leads to the disruption of the alveolar epithelial barrier, a …

In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry
sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic …

Abstract Clade 2.3. 4.4 avian H5Ny viruses, namely H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have exhibited
unprecedented intercontinental spread in poultry. Among them, only H5N6 viruses are …

Wild birds play an important role in the emergence, evolution, and spread of zoonotic avian
influenza viruses (AIVs). However, there are few studies on the cross-species transmission …

Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus
surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host …

Between 16 February and 15 May 2018, three highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A
(H5N6) and 11 HPAI A (H5N8) outbreaks in poultry holdings, one HPAI A (H5N6) and one …