Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and
coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of …

The main findings of studies of the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Finland (GoF)
during 1997–2007 are reviewed. The aim is to discuss relevant updates published in …

Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in
most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of …

Coastal Geomorphology, Second Edition is a comprehensive and systematic introduction to
this subject and demonstrates the dynamic nature of coastal landforms, providing a …

There are a large number of geophysical processes affecting sea level dynamics and
coastal erosion in the Baltic Sea region. These processes operate on a large range of …

Trends in the time series of air temperature, precipitation, snow cover duration and onset of
climatic seasons at ten stations in Estonia during 1951–2000 are analysed. Using the …

A regional ocean circulation model was used to project Baltic Sea climate at the end of the
twenty-first century. A set of four scenario simulations was performed utilizing two global …

Climate change is having an undeniable influence on coastal areas. This chapter describes
the growing threat of climate change on the Baltic Sea coastline, with an emphasis on field …

Meteorological parameters of windstorm Gudrun on 8–9 January 2005 and its hydrodynamic
and environmental consequences are analysed on the basis of observational data and …

Abstract El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurrent climatic event that causes
severe weather shocks. This paper employs ENSO-related floods at the end of the …