Lithium is the most effective and well established treatment for bipolar disorder, and it has a
broad array of effects within cellular pathways. However, the specific processes through …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major health problem. It causes significant morbidity and imposes
a burden on the society. Available treatments help a substantial proportion of patients but …

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders. Despite adequate
treatment, patients continue to have recurrent mood episodes, residual symptoms, and …

The monoamine hypothesis has dominated research on the pathophysiology of mood
disorders as well as the development of therapeutic drugs by over half a century. Nowadays …

Mood disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, yet their underlying
pathophysiology remains unclear. Animal models serve as a powerful tool for investigating …

Background: Tamoxifen (TX), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, enhances glutamate
transporter (GLT-1) expression in astrocytes. Results: TX up-regulated GLT-1 expression via …

Background: Tamoxifen is an oral medication that has been proposed as a potential
treatment for bipolar disorder. Tamoxifen acts to inhibit the intracellular action of protein …

Abstract Tamoxifen (TAM), a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM), is commonly
used to treat and prevent breast cancer. Memory impairment has been noticed in patients …

Objectives Several recent studies have suggested that the physiopathology of bipolar
disorder (BD) is related to immune system alterations and inflammation. Lithium (Li) is a …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized
by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Although several studies on genes involved in …