Rhinitis and sinusitis are among the most common medical conditions and are frequently
associated. In Western societies an estimated 10% to 25% of the population have allergic …

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is a heterogeneous group of diseases. It is a significant and increasing
health problem that affects about 15% of the population in Western countries. It has a …

Background Although the existence of biofilms on the sinus mucosa of patients with chronic
rhinosinusitis (CRS) is now well established, the role that these structures play remains …

Background Abnormalities in host mucosal immunity exist in chronic rhinosinusitis with
nasal polyps (CRSwNPs), but it is unclear whether this is a cause or an effect of the …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common long-term illnesses in the United
States, affecting approximately 14 percent of the population. CRS is a challenging condition …

Upper and lower airways may be considered as a unique entity, interested by coexisting
inflammatory processes that share common etiopathogenic mechanisms. Previous studies …

The nose is strategically placed at the entrance of the airway. Nose breathing takes place
under physiologic circumstances and protects the lower airways from exposure to …

The interaction between upper and lower airway disease has been recognized for centuries,
with recent studies showing a direct link between upper and airway inflammation in allergic …

Fungal diseases of the nose and sinuses encompasses a diverse spectrum of disease.
Clinical manifestations are largely dependent upon the immune status of the host, as, given …

Besides the anatomic continuity of the upper and lower airways, inflammation in one part of
the airway influences the homeostasis of the other. The mechanisms underlying this …