Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore
biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through …

Newly endocytosed integral cell surface proteins are typically either directed for degradation
or subjected to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The sorting of integral cell surface …

Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature
spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under …

Abstract In 1972 the Fluid—Mosaic Membrane Model of membrane structure was proposed
based on thermodynamic principals of organization of membrane lipids and proteins and …

Cancer is a complex disease involving numerous biological processes, which can exist in
parallel, can be complementary, or are engaged when needed and as such can replace …

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is composed of three homologous subunits and
allows the flow of Na+ ions across high resistance epithelia, maintaining body salt and water …

Actin cytoskeleton dynamics play vital roles in most forms of intracellular trafficking by
promoting the biogenesis and transport of vesicular cargoes. Mounting evidence indicates …

The plasma membrane represents a physical inelastic barrier with a given area that adheres
to the underlying cytoskeleton. The tension in the membrane physically affects cell functions …

Force generation by actin assembly shapes cellular membranes. An experimentally
constrained multiscale model shows that a minimal branched actin network is sufficient to …

Light‐based technique, including optical imaging and photoregulation, has become one of
the most important tools for both fundamental research and clinical practice, such as cell …