PI3Ks are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate intracellular inositol lipids to regulate
signalling and intracellular vesicular traffic. Mammals have eight isoforms of PI3K, divided …

Vascular and lymphatic malformations represent a challenge for clinicians. The identification
of inherited and somatic mutations in important signaling pathways, including the PI3K …

The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during
development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis—the formation of new blood …

Lymphatic vessels maintain tissue fluid homeostasis by returning to blood circulation
interstitial fluid that has extravasated from the blood capillaries. They provide a trafficking …

Vascular malformations are thought to be monogenic disorders that result in dysregulated
growth of blood vessels. In the brain, cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) arise owing …

Blood and lymphatic vessels pervade almost all body tissues and have numerous essential
roles in physiology and disease. The inner lining of these networks is formed by a single …

Background Sporadic arteriovenous malformations of the brain, which are morphologically
abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the brain vasculature, are a leading …

The endothelial angiopoietin (ANG)–TIE growth factor receptor pathway regulates vascular
permeability and pathological vascular remodelling during inflammation, tumour …

Cerebral cavernous malformations are acquired vascular anomalies that constitute a
common cause of central nervous system hemorrhage and stroke. The past 2 decades have …

Aside from inheriting half of the genome of each of our parents, we are born with a small
number of novel mutations that occurred during gametogenesis and postzygotically. Recent …