Molecular oxygen (O2) sustains intracellular bioenergetics and is consumed by numerous
biochemical reactions, making it essential for most species on Earth. Accordingly, decreased …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

Germline loss-of-function mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene cause von Hippel–
Lindau disease, which is associated with an increased risk of hemangioblastomas, clear cell …

Studies of the regulation of erythropoietin (EPO) production by the liver and kidneys, one of
the classical physiological responses to hypoxia, led to the discovery of human oxygen …

Background Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, a
class of compounds that stimulate endogenous erythropoietin production. Methods We …

Iron is an essential element that is indispensable for life. The delicate physiological body
iron balance is maintained by both systemic and cellular regulatory mechanisms. The iron …

The accurate definition and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major
achievements of modern nephrology. Intensive research is now being undertaken to unravel …

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved transcription factors that are crucial for
adaptation of metazoans to limited oxygen availability. Recently, HIF activation and …

Iron fulfils a central role in many essential biochemical processes in human physiology; thus,
proper processing of iron is crucial. Although iron metabolism is subject to relatively strict …

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 3% of pregnant women in
high-income countries,(Piccoli et al., 2018,# 13860) which equates to between 15,000 …