The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing
cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a …

Background Septic shock is the most severe form of sepsis, in which profound underlying
abnormalities in circulatory and cellular/metabolic parameters lead to substantially …

New biomarkers are being evaluated for their ability to advance the management of patients
with heart failure. Despite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, besides …

The endothelial glycocalyx comprises a complex layer of membrane-bound proteoglycans,
secreted glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids and bound plasma proteins such …

Background Recently, the concept of sepsis was redefined by an international task force.
This international task force of experts recommended using the quick Sequential Organ …

A biomarker is a molecule that can be measured in a biological sample in an objective,
systematic, and precise way, whose levels indicate whether a process is normal or …

Acute vascular endothelial dysfunction is a central event in the pathogenesis of sepsis,
increasing vascular permeability, promoting activation of the coagulation cascade, tissue …

Background There is a lack of validated tools to assess potential disease progression and
hospitalisation decisions in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a …

Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management
of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become …

Sepsis is a dysregulated systemic reaction to a common infection, that can cause life-
threatening organ dysfunction. Over the last decade, the mortality rate of patients with sepsis …