The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

To address the neurochemistry of the mechanisms that underlie the development of acute
and persistent pain, our laboratory has been studying mice with deletions of gene products …

Physical exercise is often recommended to patients who have chronic pain. However, only a
small number of studies report exercise-induced analgesia in the setting of inflammatory …

Although the formalin test is a widely used model of persistent pain, the primary afferent fiber
types that underlie the cellular and behavioral responses to formalin injection are largely …

The biphasic display of paw-flinch behavior in the rat after injection of formalin into the
dorsum of the hind paw is used for the screening of anti-hyperalgesic agents. Described and …

The aim of this study was to assess the possible mediation of endogenous opioids in the
effects of gonadal hormones on the responses to formalin pain. We studied the effects of …

Activation of primary afferent nociceptors produces acute, short-lived pain, and tissue or
nerve injury induces long-term enhancement of nociceptive processing, manifested as …

The most widely used formalin test to screen antinociceptive drug candidates is still
apostrophized as targeting inflammatory pain, in spite of strong opposing evidence …

Although glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation and are used to treat painful inflammatory
rheumatic diseases, the contribution, if any, of endogenous pituitary-adrenocortical activity to …

Results Fig. 1 reports the proliferation of blood lymphocytes induced by 20 μg/ml Con-A in
remifentanil and saline-infused rats. Remifentanil induced a significant suppression of this …