Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the most abundant cell in vessels. Earlier
experiments have found that VSMCs possess high plasticity. Vascular injury stimulates …

Osteocalcin (Ocn), which is specifically produced by osteoblasts, and is the most abundant
non-collagenous protein in bone, was demonstrated to inhibit bone formation and function …

Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a fundamental transcription factor for bone
development. In endochondral ossification, Runx2 induces chondrocyte maturation …

Bone tissue renewal can be outlined as a complicated mechanism centered on the
interaction between osteogenic and angiogenic events capable of leading to bone formation …

Wnt, a secreted glycoprotein, has an approximate molecular weight of 40 kDa, and it is a
cytokine involved in various biological phenomena including ontogeny, morphogenesis …

Aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent heart valve disease worldwide. Although
interventional treatment options have rapidly improved in recent years, symptomatic aortic …

Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Major advances in the field of periodontal tissue engineering have favored the fabrication of
biodegradable membranes with tunable physical and biological properties for guided bone …

Glucocorticoid (GC) is one of the most prescribed medicines to treat various inflammatory
and autoimmune diseases. However, high doses and long-term use of GCs lead to multiple …

It is still a big challenge in orthopedics to treat infected bone defects properly using medical
metals. The use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffold materials that simultaneously mimic the …