Tryptophan is an essential amino acid critical for protein synthesis in humans that has
emerged as a key player in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is the only precursor for the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that
causes demyelination, axonal degeneration and astrogliosis, resulting in progressive …

Considerable data relate major depressive disorder (MDD) with aberrant immune system
functioning. Pro-inflammatory cytokines facilitate metabolism of tryptophan along the …

Kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary path of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in most
mammalian cells. The KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn) …

The term “immune privilege” was originally coined to describe the suppression of
inflammatory responses within organs protected by anatomic barriers, ie, the eyes, brain …

As a major metabolite of kynurenine in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenic
acid is of considerable biological and clinical importance as an endogenous antagonist of …

Characterisation and diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a current
challenge that hampers both clinical assessment and clinical trial development with the …

The metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) regulates homeostasis, immunity, and neuronal
function. Altered TRP metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various …

Background Alterations in bidirectional gut–brain interactions are believed to be involved in
the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Considering the putative connections …

The development of autoimmunity involves complex interactions between genetics and
environmental triggers. The gut microbiota is an important environmental constituent that …