Chronic, excessive neuroinflammation is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases such
as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammatory …

Evidence from clinical, preclinical, and post-mortem studies supports the
inflammatory/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia pathogenesis. Less evident is the link …

Background Despite advances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research and the vast
genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data available, there are still controversies …

Schizophrenia is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder with its course progressing
throughout life. However, the aetiology and development of schizophrenia are still under …

The interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) holds pivotal roles in the immune system, as it is
positioned at the “epicenter” of the inflammatory signaling networks. Increased levels of the …

Postmortem studies reveal that the brain pH in schizophrenia patients is lower than normal.
The exact cause of this low pH is unclear, but increased lactate levels due to abnormal …

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in
biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are …

Background Immune mechanisms are indicated in schizophrenia (SCZ). Recent genome-
wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with SCZ and …

Schizophrenia is a worldwide mental illness characterized by alterations at dopaminergic
and glutamatergic synapses resulting in global dysconnectivity within and between brain …

Background Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting approximately 20 million
individuals globally. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the illness. If left …