To compare findings across species, neuroscience relies on cross-species homologies,
particularly in terms of brain areas. For cingulate cortex, a structure implicated in behavioural …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …

Retrieval of fear extinction memory is associated with increased firing of neurons in the
medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). It is unknown, however, how extinction learning-induced …

Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that fear acquisition and expression rely on
the coordinated activity of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala and that theta …

Chronic pain patients frequently develop and suffer from mental comorbidities such as
depressive mood, impaired cognition, and other significant constraints of daily life, which …

Interest in structural brain connectivity has grown with the understanding that abnormal
neural connections may play a role in neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Small animal …

The historically understood role of the central amygdala (CeA) in fear learning is to serve as
a passive output station for processing and plasticity that occurs elsewhere in the brain …

Neuroimaging has provided compelling data about the brain. Yet the underlying
mechanisms of many neuroimaging techniques have not been elucidated. Here we report a …

Adult pair bonding involves dramatic changes in the perception and valuation of another
individual. One key change is that partners come to reliably activate the brain's reward …

Forming and breaking associations between emotionally salient environmental stimuli and
rewarding or aversive outcomes is an essential component of learned adaptive behavior …