Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA acts in the mammalian brain through two different
receptor classes: GABAA and GABAB receptors. GABAB receptors differ fundamentally from …

Classically, 17β-estradiol (E 2) is thought to control homeostatic functions such as
reproduction, stress responses, feeding, sleep cycles, temperature regulation, and motivated …

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are critical for controlling homeostatic
functions in the mammal. We used a transgenic mouse model in which the POMC neurons …

NPY and αMSH are expressed in distinct neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus, where αMSH decreases and NPY increases food intake and body weight …

17β-Estradiol (E2) rapidly (< 20 min) attenuates the ability of μ-opioids to hyperpolarize
guinea pig hypothalamic neurons. We have used intracellular recordings from female …

It is now obvious that the CNS is capable of undergoing a variety of plastic changes at all
stages of development. Although the magnitude and distribution of these changes may be …

Control of the HPG axis involves a rapid (30 min) inhibition of LH (GnRH) release by E2. The
time course of this effect is faster than expected for a purely transcriptional mechanism of E2 …

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of
reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long …

Estrogens are involved in the hypothalamic control of multiple homeostatic functions
including reproduction, stress responses, energy metabolism, sleep cycles, temperature …