Several mechanisms and cell types are involved in the regulation of the immune response.
These include mostly regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory macrophages (Mregs), myeloid …

Distinct regions harboring cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified within the
microenvironment of various tumors, and as in the case of their healthy counterparts, these …

The drugs used for cancer treatment have many drawbacks, as they damage both tumor and
healthy cells and, in addition, they tend to be poorly soluble drugs. Their transport in …

Chemoresistance is a major factor driving tumour relapse and the high rates of cancer-
related deaths. Understanding how cancer cells overcome chemotherapy-induced cell …

Simple Summary Some regions of aggressive malignancies experience hypoxia due to
inadequate blood supply. Cancer cells adapting to hypoxic conditions somehow become …

Metabolic reprogramming is often observed in carcinogenesis, but little is known about the
aberrant metabolic genes involved in the tumorigenicity and maintenance of stemness in …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation and development,
metastasis, and recurrence. Because of the function of CSCs in tumor development and …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and
metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby …

DNA methylation, as an epigenetic mechanism, occurs by adding a methyl group of
cytosines in position 5 by DNA methyltransferases and has essential roles in cellular …

Over the last two decades, several epi‐drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and
adoptive cell therapies have received clinical approval for use in certain types of cancer …