Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial constituent of the outer membrane of most Gram-
negative bacteria, playing a fundamental role in the protection of bacteria from …

Acute lung injury (ALI), a critical respiratory disorder that causes diffuse alveolar injury leads
to high mortality rates with no effective treatment. ALI is characterized by varying degrees of …

The gamma-interferon (IFNγ)-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) promote host
defense against gram-negative cytosolic bacteria in part through the induction of an …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV-2) is a worldwide health
concern, and new treatment strategies are needed. Targeting inflammatory innate immunity …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the significant causes of death and morbidity, and it is
hence a focus of translational research. Apoptosis plays an essential part in the …

Abstract Objective Interleukin-17 (lL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by Th17
cells, is also considered to play an important role in bone metabolism, but the exact …

Acute pancreatitis (AP) may be associated with both local and systemic complications.
Although it is usually self-limiting, up to 20% of patients develop severe acute pancreatitis …

Pyroptosis is a lytic form of cell death that is executed by a family of pore-forming proteins
called gasdermins (GSDMs). GSDMs are activated upon proteolysis by host proteases …

Introduction Type I interferon (IFN) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Cyclic GMP AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that recognizes …

Shigella flexneri, a cytosol-invasive gram-negative pathogen, deploys an array of type III-
secreted effector proteins to evade host cell defenses. Caspase-11 and its human ortholog …