Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Dopamine receptors are widely distributed within the brain where they play critical
modulator roles on motor functions, motivation and drive, as well as cognition. The …

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in memory and emotion processing,
and this process is dynamically regulated by neural circuit activity. However, it remains …

Clinical observations indicate that the paramedian region of the thalamus is a critical node
for controlling wakefulness. However, the specific nucleus and neural circuitry for this …

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit progressive memory loss, depression, and
anxiety, accompanied by impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Whether AHN …

Attachment is an inborn behavioral system that is biologically driven and essential for
survival. During child development, individual differences in (in) secure attachment emerge …

The development of cutting-edge techniques to study specific brain regions and neural
circuits that regulate sleep–wake brain states and general anesthesia (GA), has increased …

The expression of defensive responses to alerting sensory cues requires both general
arousal and a specific arousal state associated with defensive emotions. However, it …

When an animal faces a threatening situation while asleep, rapid arousal is the essential
prerequisite for an adequate response. Here, we find that predator stimuli induce immediate …

The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates motivation, drug addiction, and several behaviors that
rely on heightened arousal. However, the role and underlying neural circuits of the VP in the …