Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …

Although Darwin was writing about biological species 150 years ago, his logic applies to
organizations today. In 1959, Fortune magazine ranked General Motors as the largest, and …

Evolvability is the ability to respond to a selective challenge. This requires the capacity to
produce the right kind of variation for selection to act upon. To understand evolvability we …

Most of the phenotypic diversity that we perceive in the natural world is directly attributable to
the peculiar structure of the eukaryotic gene, which harbors numerous embellishments …

The mouse mandible has long served as a model system for studying the development and
evolution of complex morphological structures. We used the methods of geometric …

Organismal development and many cell biological processes are organized in a modular
fashion, where regulatory molecules form groups with many interactions within a group and …

It is well known that the human skull achieves adult size through a superior–inferior gradient
of maturation. Because the basicranium matures in size before the face, it has been …

The concept of modularity is fundamental to research in both evolutionary and
developmental biology, though workers in each field use the idea in different ways. Although …

Patterns of morphological integration and modularity among shape features emerge from
genetic and developmental factors with varying pleiotropic effects. Factors or processes …

Abstract. Developmental integration is the covariation among morphological structures due
to connections between the developmental processes that built them. Here we use the …