Nominal effect concentrations from in vitro toxicity assays may lead to inaccurate estimations
of in vivo toxic doses because the nominal concentration poorly reflects the concentration at …

The fields of toxicology and chemical risk assessment seek to reduce, and eventually
replace, the use of animals for the prediction of toxicity in humans. In this context …

For almost fifteen years, the availability and regulatory acceptance of new approach
methodologies (NAMs) to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion …

In vitro systems that accurately model in vivo conditions in the gastrointestinal tract may aid
the development of oral drugs with greater bioavailability. Here we show that the interaction …

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are environmental pollutants of increasing
interest, widely distributed in the environment and exerting possible deleterious effects …

Human membrane drug transporters are recognized as major actors of pharmacokinetics;
they also handle endogenous compounds, including hormones and metabolites. Chemical …

Organic cation transporters play a critical role in mediating the distribution of cationic
pharmaceuticals. Indeed, organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 is the initial step in the renal …

Non-animal methods for toxicokinetics, such as in vitro hepatic metabolic clearance studies,
play an important role in chemical risk evaluations. To gain regulatory acceptance of such …

Transporters are divided into the ABC and SLC super-families, mediating the cellular efflux
and influx of various xenobiotic and endogenous substrates. Here, an extensive literature …

Humans are continuously exposed to low levels of thousands of industrial chemicals, most
of which are poorly characterised in terms of their potential toxicity. The new paradigm in …