Geodesy, the oldest science, has become an important discipline in the geosciences, in
large part by enhancing Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities over the last 35 years …

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) describes the response of the solid Earth, the gravitational
field, and the oceans to the growth and decay of the global ice sheets. A commonly studied …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-
level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and …

A new model of the last deglaciation event of the Late Quaternary ice age is here described
and denoted as ICE‐6G_C (VM5a). It differs from previously published models in this …

Global mean sea level is an integral of changes occurring in the climate system in response
to unforced climate variability as well as natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Its …

We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets
using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance …

ABSTRACT A new model of the deglaciation history of Antarctica over the past 25 kyr has
been developed, which we refer to herein as ICE-6G_C (VM5a). This revision of its …

Ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets have accelerated since the 1990s,
accounting for a significant increase in global mean sea level. Here, we present a new 29 …