Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy,
atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of …

The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are the most abundant
phospholipids in all mammalian cell membranes. In the 1950s, Eugene Kennedy and co …

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are involved in essential functions of the
cell, including ATP production, intracellular Ca 2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species …

Toxic effect of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) on fish kidneys had been reported. Mitochondrion
is an important organelle for maintaining kidney function, while its role in Cd-induced kidney …

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors
associated with obesity and insulin resistance, is dramatically increasing in Western and …

Coronary arterial disease is the most common cardiovascular disease. Myocardial ischemia-
reperfusion injury caused by the initial interruption of organ blood flow and subsequent …

Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction requires definition of the dysfunction to be investigated.
Usually, it is the ability of the mitochondria to make ATP appropriately in response to energy …

Epigenetic modifications of the nuclear genome, including DNA methylation, histone
modifications and non-coding RNA post-transcriptional regulation, are increasingly being …

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR injury), produced by initial interruption and subsequent
restoration of organ blood flow, is an important clinical dilemma accompanied by various …