Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

The striatum plays a key role in mediating the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs,
with drugs of abuse causing long-lasting molecular and cellular alterations in both dorsal …

Adenosine receptors (AR) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors, comprised of four
members, named A 1, A 2A, A 2B, and A 3 receptors, found widely distributed in almost all …

There is serious interest in understanding the dynamics of the receptor–receptor and
receptor–protein interactions in space and time and their integration in GPCR …

Abstract Beta-endorphin (β-END) is an opioid neuropeptide which has an important role in
the development of hypotheses concerning the non-synaptic or paracrine communication of …

Drug addiction is a serious brain disorder with somatic, psychological, psychiatric, socio-
economic and legal implications in the developed world. Illegal (eg, psychostimulants …

Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are
mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits …

There is growing public interest in alternative approaches to addiction treatment and
scientific interest in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of acupuncture. Our …

Repeated cocaine administration enhances dopamine D 2 receptor sensitivity in the
mesolimbic dopamine system, which contributes to drug relapse. Adenosine A 2A receptors …

Several psychoactive drugs can evoke substance use disorders (SUD) in humans and
animals, and these include psychostimulants, opioids, cannabinoids (CB), nicotine, and …