Granuloma formation, bringing into close proximity highly activated macrophages and T
cells, is a typical event in inflammatory blood vessel diseases, and is noted in the name of …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reportedly inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Whether
this effect is mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) is still unknown. In this study, we used an in …

The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. exists as extracellular promastigotes in its vector
whereas it resides and replicates as amastigotes within the macrophages of its mammalian …

The X-linked hyper-IgM (XHIGM) syndrome is an uncommon primary immunodeficiency
disease caused by mutations in the gene for CD40 ligand and characterized by normal or …

Background X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIGM) is a primary immunodeficiency with high
morbidity and mortality compared with those seen in healthy subjects. Hematopoietic cell …

Abstract Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with a predilection for
women. The interaction between CD40 and CD154 (CD40L) is known to be involved in the …

Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is often linked
to contaminated poultry products. Live Salmonella vectors expressing three linear peptide …

We have previously demonstrated that DNA demethylation of CD40L on the X chromosome
is responsible for female susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is unknown …

CD40 ligand (CD40LG), encoded on the X chromosome, has been reported to be
overexpressed on lupus T cells. Herein, we investigated the effect of DNA demethylation on …

Leishmania, a protozoan parasite, lives and multiplies as amastigote within macrophages. It
is proposed that the macrophage expressed CD40 interacts with CD40 ligand on T cells to …