The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful
substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral …

Here we review the effects of immune activation primarily via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a
cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, on hippocampal and non-hippocampal …

Avoidance of potentially toxic food by means of conditioned taste aversion is critical for
survival of many animals. However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are poorly …

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an associative learning paradigm, wherein consumption
of an appetitive tastant (eg, saccharin) is paired to the administration of a malaise-inducing …

The human insula has been consistently reported to be overactivated in all anxiety
disorders, activation which has been suggested to be proportional to the level of anxiety and …

Ultimately associative learning is a function of the temporal features and relationships
between experienced stimuli. Nevertheless how time affects the neural circuit underlying this …

Stress exposure and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system have been implicated
as mechanistically involved in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and associated rodent models …

The insular cortex (IC) has a crucial role in taste recognition memory, including conditioned
taste aversion (CTA). CTA is a learning paradigm in which a novel taste stimulus (CS) is …

The insular cortex (IC) has been reported to be involved in the modulation of memory and
autonomic and defensive responses. However, there is conflicting evidence about the role of …

Gustatory cortex (GC), an assemblage of taste-responsive neurons in insular cortex, is
widely regarded as integral to conditioned taste aversion (CTA) retention, a link that has …