Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human
genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs …

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate numerous
physiological processes such as metabolism, reproduction, inflammation, as well as the …

Small-molecule drug discovery has traditionally focused on occupancy of a binding site that
directly affects protein function, and this approach typically precludes targeting proteins that …

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women, with estrogen receptor
positive (ER+) breast cancer making up approximately 75% of all breast cancers diagnosed …

Estrogen has a dramatic effect on musculoskeletal function. Beyond the known relationship
between estrogen and bone, it directly affects the structure and function of other …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

Abstract 17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many
tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the …

Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

Uncontrolled haemorrhage is a major preventable cause of death in patients with traumatic
injury. Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) describes abnormal coagulation processes that …