The crustacean swimmeret system includes a distributed set of local circuits that individually
control movements of one jointed limb. These modular local circuits occur in pairs in each …

Small invertebrate nervous systems allow one to ask a series of questions concerning the
functional roles of cotransmitters. This review outlines some of the implications of …

Serotonin modulates afferent synaptic transmission to the lateral giant neurons of crayfish,
which are command neurons for escape behavior. Low concentrations, or high …

Many tadpoles respond to insect predators by developing deeper, and sometimes longer,
tails. It has been assumed that the larger tail enhances aspects of swimming performance …

Neurons–Glia–Synapses–General layout of the central nervous system–Architecture of the
brain–The ventral nerve cord–Motor systems. Non–Malacostraca–Remipedia …

During forward swimming, motor neurons that innervate each crayfish swimmeret fire
periodic coordinated bursts of impulses. These bursts occur simultaneously in neurons that …

The central nervous system of crayfish consists of a chain of segmental ganglia that are
linked by cables of intersegmental axons. Each ganglion contains a highly‐ordered core of …

We describe the synaptic connections through which information required to coordinate limb
movements reaches the modular microcircuits that control individual limbs on different …

The three inhibitory motoneurons supplying crayfish thoracic limbs were identified, stained,
and compared structurally. The inhibitors to the walking leg muscles (in Orconectes) were …

The mechanosensory organs of arachnids receive diverse peripheral inputs. Little is known
about the origin, distribution, and function of these chemical synapses, which we examined …