Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-
conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and …

Microdialysis studies in animals have shown that addictive drugs preferentially increase
extracellular dopamine (DA) in the n. accumbens (NAc). Brain imaging studies, while …

Experimental impairment of dopamine function by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions or by
dopamine receptor antagonists shows that dopamine is involved in nicotine's discriminative …

Natural rewards preferentially stimulate dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens
shell. This effect undergoes adaptive changes (one-trial habituation, inhibition by appetitive …

Compulsive drug use is characterized by a pattern of drug seeking and consumption that
becomes progressively habitual and less and less modifiable by external and internal …

The dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens is generally agreed to mediate the
primary reinforcing and locomotor effects of psychostimulants, but there is less consensus …

It is well known that stress is a significant risk factor for the development of drug addiction
and addiction relapse. Remarkably, the cognitive processes involved in the effects of stress …

The dynorphin-like peptides have profound effects on the state of the brain reward system
and human and animal behavior. The dynorphin-like peptides affect locomotor activity, food …

Conventional reinforcers phasically stimulate dopamine transmission in the nucleus
accumbens shell. This property undergoes one‐trial habituation consistent with a role of …

Recent trends of opioid abuse and related fatalities have highlighted the critical role of Novel
Synthetic Opioids (NSOs). We studied the μ-opioid-like properties of isotonitazene (ITZ) …