Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney
injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of …

Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney,
where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are …

Fibrosis is caused by extensive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which
play a crucial role in injury repair. Fibrosis attributes to~ 45% of all deaths worldwide. The …

Chronic renal and vascular oxidative stress in association with an enhanced inflammatory
burden are determinant processes in the development and progression of diabetic …

Inflammation is a key characteristic of kidney disease, but this immune response is two-
faced. In the acute phase of kidney injury, there is an activation of the immune cells to fight …

Kidney transplantation remains the gold standard treatment for patients suffering from end-
stage kidney disease. To meet the constantly growing organ demands grafts donated after …

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a matrix-degrading enzyme implicated in many
biological processes, including inflammation. It is produced by many cells, including …

Fibrosis is a pathophysiological process of wound repair that leads to the deposit of
connective tissue in the extracellular matrix. This complication is mainly associated with …

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the most prominent cause which leads to chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and end-stage renal failure. Despite extensive research, there have been …

Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) in the S1 segment of the kidney abundantly express
sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT) that play a critical role in whole body glucose …