Cognitive function relies on the dynamic cooperation of specialized regions of the brain;
however, the elements of the system responsible for coordinating this interaction remain …

Mood, motivation, attention, and arousal are behavioral states having a profound impact on
cognition. Behavioral states are mediated though the peripheral nervous system and …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

Humans and many other animals have an enormous capacity to learn about sensory stimuli
and to master new skills. However, many of the mechanisms that enable us to learn remain …

Phasic activation of locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) neurons is associated with
focused attention and behavioral responses to salient stimuli. We used cell-type–specific …

The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a major source of norepinephrine (NE)
projections throughout the CNS. This important property was masked in very early studies by …

Pupil size is collectively controlled by the sympathetic dilator and parasympathetic sphincter
muscles. Locus coeruleus (LC) activation has been shown to evoke pupil dilation, but how …

All neuronal circuits are subject to neuromodulation. Modulatory effects on neuronal
processing and resulting behavioral changes are most commonly reported for higher order …

Neural dynamics are shaped and constrained by the projections of a small nucleus in the
pons: the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC). Much like a bow to the brain's violin, activity in …

The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is involved in many brain functions
and neurological disorders. In this review we discuss how LC-NE signaling affects the …