Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the etiology of 90 percent
of the patients is unknown. Pesticide exposure is a major risk factor for PD, and paraquat …

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor GFRα1 have been
implicated in the survival of ventral midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but the molecular …

The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells or mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs),
with pluripotent differentiation capacity, present an ideal source for cell transplantation or …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by upper
and lower motor neuron degeneration, which leads to progressive paralysis of skeletal …

Neurogenesis is the developmental process regulating cell proliferation of neural stem cells,
determining their differentiation into glial and neuronal cells, and orchestrating their …

The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the “gold standard” treatment for Parkinson's
disease, and, although it provides superlative efficacy in the early stages of the disease, its …

Midbrain dopamine neurons play a critical role in motor function and in reward-related
motivational behaviors. The goal of developing a renewable source of human midbrain …

Abnormal development of ventral midbrain (VM) dopaminergic (DA) pathways, essential for
motor and cognitive function, may underpin a number of neurological disorders and thereby …

Cell replacement therapy is a promising treatment strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD);
however, the poor survival rate of transplanted neurons is a critical barrier to functional …

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation provides a new approach for the repair of damage to
the central nervous system (CNS), including that resulting from cerebral infarction and spinal …