The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented setback …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the
beginning of the 21st century. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS …

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral entry has been a major concern for
epidemiology, vaccine development, and antibody-based drug therapy. However, the …

Coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections in humans and outbreaks of deadly
pneumonia worldwide. Infections are initiated by the transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein …

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged pathogen in December 2019, marked as one of the
highly pathogenic Coronavirus, and altogether this is the third coronavirus attack that …

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the
family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality …

Coronaviruses are pathogens with a serious impact on human and animal health. They
mostly cause enteric or respiratory disease, which can be severe and life threatening, eg, in …

Highlights•Three coronaviruses are emerging/reemerging in pigs.•The three porcine
coronaviruses may have originated from other species.•The clinical signs and pathogenesis …

The coronavirus spike protein is a multifunctional molecular machine that mediates
coronavirus entry into host cells. It first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface through its …