Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs,
targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction
pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we …

Gliomas are the most common central nervous system tumors. New technologies, including
genetic research and advanced statistical methods, revolutionize the therapeutic approach …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a novel principle for explaining the precise spatial
and temporal regulation in living cells. LLPS compartmentalizes proteins and nucleic acids …

Malignant transformation can result in melanoma cells that resemble different stages of their
embryonic development. Our gene expression analysis of human melanoma cell lines and …

Polyphenols constitute an important group of natural products that are traditionally
associated with a wide range of bioactivities. These are usually found in low concentrations …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to
inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial …