Determining the psychological, computational, and neural bases of confidence and
uncertainty holds promise for understanding foundational aspects of human metacognition …

When facing uncertainty, adaptive behavioral strategies demand that the brain performs
probabilistic computations. In this probabilistic framework, the notion of certainty and …

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality …

A prominent source of polarised and entrenched beliefs is confirmation bias, where
evidence against one's position is selectively disregarded. This effect is most starkly evident …

Summary" Degree of certainty" refers to the subjective belief, prior to feedback, that a
decision is correct. A reliable estimate of certainty is essential for prediction, learning from …

Human perceptual decisions are often described as optimal. Critics of this view have argued
that claims of optimality are overly flexible and lack explanatory power. Meanwhile …

Decisions vary in difficulty. Humans know this and typically report more confidence in easy
than in difficult decisions. However, confidence reports do not perfectly track decision …

The human mind is extraordinary in its ability not merely to respond to events as they unfold
but also to adapt its own operation in pursuit of its agenda. This 'cognitive control'can be …

Research on confidence spreads across several sub-fields of psychology and neuroscience.
Here, we explore how a definition of confidence as Bayesian probability can unify these …

Confidence judgments are typically less informative about one's accuracy than they could
be; a phenomenon we call metacognitive inefficiency. We review the existence of different …