Stem cell based transplants effectively regenerate tissues; however, limitations such as
immune rejection and teratoma formation prevent their application. Extracellular vesicles …

The layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique has shown excellent potential in tissue
engineering applications. The technique is mainly based on electrostatic attraction and …

Osteochondral lesion potentially causes a variety of joint degenerative diseases if it cannot
be treated effectively and timely. Microfracture as the conservative surgical choice achieves …

The construction of vascularized tissue-engineered bone (VTEB) has been a promising
alternative for bone defect repair but remains a remarkable challenge. To date, there have …

The skeleton is a highly innervated organ in which nerve fibers interact with various skeletal
cells. Peripheral nerve endings release neurogenic factors and sense skeletal signals …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various ingredients such as DNA,
RNA, lipids and proteins, which play a significant role in intercellular communication …

Abstract Harnessing three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted extracellular vesicles (EVs) holds
great promise for advancing the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. EVs …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), acting as an important ingredient of intercellular communication
through paracrine actions, have gained tremendous attention in the field of tissue …

Stem cell-based bone repair in vivo relies on both the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells
and the immune activities of immune cells. The lack of effective means to simultaneously …

In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers, cell-
free therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers. Despite their great clinical potential, poor …