The observation that heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is associated with elevated
circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines opened a new area of research that has …

Diffuse myocardial fibrosis resulting from the excessive deposition of collagen fibres through
the entire myocardium is encountered in a number of chronic cardiac diseases. This lesion …

The past few decades have generated growing recognition that the immune system makes
an important contribution to cardiac development, composition and function. Immune cells …

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathophysiologic companion of most myocardial diseases,
and is associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmogenesis, and adverse …

Myocardial infarction (MI), as a result of thrombosis or vascular occlusion, is the most
prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases. The …

Cardiac injury remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite
significant advances, a full understanding of why the heart fails to fully recover function after …

Cardiovascular (CV) disease and cancer are the leading causes of death., Over the last
decades, it has been appreciated that both CV disease and cancer are more common in …

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a state of inappropriately sustained inflammation,
suggesting the loss of normal immunosuppressive mechanisms. Regulatory T-lymphocytes …

CD4+ T-cells facilitate wound healing post-myocardial infarction (MI) but promote left-
ventricular (LV) remodeling during ischemic heart failure (HF; 8 weeks post-MI). Therefore, it …

Although chronic inflammation is a central feature of heart failure (HF), the immune cell
profiles differ with different underlying causes. This suggests that for immunomodulatory …