The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a
rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen …

Mitochondria produce ATP via respiratory oxidation of organic acids and transfer of
electrons to O2 via the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This process produces …

It is well established that salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in the transcriptional
reprograming that occurs during the plant defense response against biotic and abiotic …

Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in
field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction …

Traditionally, reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) were considered to be toxic by-products
of aerobic metabolism, which were disposed of using antioxidants. However, in recent years …

Tissue homeostasis is regulated by apoptosis, the cell-suicide programme that is executed
by proteases called caspases. The Bcl2 family of intracellular proteins is the central …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to
abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well …

▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly
categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against attempted microbial invasion,
and it is a well‐described phenomenon in vertebrates and insects. Recent pioneering work …

The principal immune mechanism against biotrophic pathogens in plants is the resistance
(R)-gene-mediated defence. It was proposed to share components with the broad-spectrum …