Abstract β-Lactam antibiotics are one of the most relevant drug classes of antibacterial
agents worldwide. The discovery and the market of first β-lactam antibiotic (Penicillin G) is a …

Bacteria surround their cell membrane with a net-like peptidoglycan layer, called sacculus,
to protect the cell from bursting and maintain its cell shape. Sacculus growth during …

Most bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that defines their shape and
protects them from osmotic lysis. The expansion and division of this structure therefore plays …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived lipid bilayers secreted by bacteria and
eukaryotic cells. Bacterial membrane vesicles were discovered over 60 years ago and have …

Unlike proteins, glycan chains are not directly encoded by DNA, but by the specificity of the
enzymes that assemble them. Theoretical calculations have proposed an astronomical …

The peptidoglycan cell wall is essential for the survival and morphogenesis of bacteria. For
decades, it was thought that only class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and related …

Abstract The herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) is applied directly to aquatic
and conventional farming systems to control weeds, and is among the most widely …

Vancomycin and related glycopeptides are drugs of last resort for the treatment of severe
infections caused by Gram‐positive bacteria such as Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus …

In the wild, bacteria are predominantly associated with surfaces as opposed to existing as
free-swimming, isolated organisms. They are thus subject to surface-specific mechanics …

Penicillin and related beta-lactams comprise one of our oldest and most widely used
antibiotic therapies. These drugs have long been known to target enzymes called penicillin …