Macrophages, which have functions of engulfing and digesting foreign substances, can
clear away harmful matter, including cellular debris and tumor cells. Based on the condition …

Chemokines are a family of small cytokines, which guide a variety of immune/inflammatory
cells to the site of tumor in tumorigenesis. A dysregulated expression of chemokines is …

During the past 10 years, preclinical studies implicating sustained androgen receptor (AR)
signalling as the primary driver of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have led to …

The success of next-generation androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors, such as
abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, in treating prostate cancer has been hampered by …

Background Enzalutamide (formerly called MDV3100) targets multiple steps in the androgen-
receptor–signaling pathway, the major driver of prostate-cancer growth. We aimed to …

Activation of androgen receptor (AR) is crucial for prostate cancer growth. Remarkably, also
castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is dependent on functional AR and several …

Abstract Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a proinflammatory CXC chemokine associated with the
promotion of neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation. This chemokine activates multiple …

The consequences of prostate cancer metastasis remain severe, with huge impact on the
mortality and overall quality of life of affected patients. Despite the convoluted interplay and …

Background Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs when prostate cancer
(CaP) progresses under therapy-induced castrate conditions. Several mechanisms have …

Androgen deprivation therapy remains a critical component of treatment for men with
advanced prostate cancer, and data support its use in metastatic disease and in conjunction …