Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell
death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four …

Both microbes and tumors activate innate resistance, tissue repair, and adaptive immunity.
Unlike acute infection, tumor growth is initially unapparent; however, inflammation and …

Cytokine modulation of autophagy is increasingly recognized in disease pathogenesis, and
current concepts suggest that type 1 cytokines activate autophagy, whereas type 2 cytokines …

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is essential for a variety of cellular
responses. Due to its role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis in conditions of …

Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a complex catabolic process
characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes …

Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and
dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in …

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling are critical for host defense against pathogen
invasion. However, excessive responses would cause harmful damages to the host. Here …

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, is able to establish a
lifelong latent infection in the human host. Following primary replication in mucosal epithelial …

The broad immunologic roles of autophagy span innate and adaptive immunity and are
often manifested in inflammatory diseases. The immune effects of autophagy partially …

LTX-315 is a cationic amphilytic peptide that preferentially permeabilizes mitochondrial
membranes, thereby causing partially BAX/BAK1-regulated, caspase-independent necrosis …