This paper presents a general and fully dynamic embodied artificial neural system, which
incrementally explores and learns motor behaviors through an integrated combination of …

Dilutional hyponatremia due to increased plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) is associated
with liver cirrhosis. However, plasma AVP remains elevated despite progressive …

After a spinal cord injury (SCI), patients develop spasticity, a motor disorder characterized by
hyperreflexia and stiffness of muscles. Spasticity results from alterations in motoneurons with …

Neurons in the intact brain are bombarded by spontaneous synaptic input that causes
increased membrane conductance (ie shunting), tonic depolarization, and noisy fluctuations …

Maturation of GABA/Glycine chloride-mediated synaptic inhibitions is crucial for the
establishment of a balance between excitation and inhibition. GABA and glycine are …

One of the most remarkable properties of neural circuits is the ability to restructure their
synaptic connections throughout life. This synaptic plasticity allows neurons to structurally …

Synaptic inhibition is chiefly mediated by GABAA receptors (GABAARs). GABAARs form
pentameric anion channels that typically assemble from two α, two β, and one tertiary (γ, δ, ε …

Spinal inhibition is required to generate coordinated outputs between antagonistic muscles
during locomotion. It relies on low neuronal chloride concentration set by two cation-chloride …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and adult-onset neurodegenerative disease
characterized by a progressive degeneration of motoneurons (MNs) with complex …

Bos R, Vinay L. Glucose is an adequate energy substrate for the depolarizing action of
GABA and glycine in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. J Neurophysiol 107: 3107–3115 …