Modulation of the biochemical composition of the tumour microenvironment is a new frontier
of cancer therapy. Several immunosuppressive mechanisms operate in the milieu of most …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates at sites of tissue injury and inflammation. Effects
of extracellular ATP are mediated by plasma membrane receptors named P2 receptors …

Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of late, nonrelapse mortality
and disability in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients and a major …

Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic
lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of severe hypoxemic respiratory
failure that is characterized by inflammatory injury to the alveolar capillary barrier, with …

The inflammasome is a molecular platform formed by activation of an innate immune pattern
recognition receptor seed, such as NLRP3. Once activated, NLRP3 recruits the adapter ASC …

Inflammation In the absence of pathogens occurs in all tissues in response to a wide range
of stimuli that cause tissue stress and injury. Such sterile inflammation (SI) is a key process …

ATP, NAD+, and nucleic acids are abundant purines that, in addition to having critical
intracellular functions, have evolved extracellular roles as danger signals released in …