Abstract The canonical mG luR6‐Trpm1 pathway that generates the sign‐inverting signal
between photoreceptors and ON bipolar cells has been well described. However, one type …

Modulation of signal transmission from rods, red-sensitive (R-) and green-sensitive (G-)
cones to bipolar cells by lowering extracellular Ca2+ was studied in the isolated superfused …

Abstract Voltage-gated Na and Ca 2+ channels represent two major ion channel families
that enable myriad biological functions including the generation of action potentials and the …

Physiological mechanisms of neuronal information processing have been shaped during
evolution by a continual interplay between organisms and their sensory surroundings. Thus …

Over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in human retinal electrophysiology as
a technique for studying both the normal human retina as well as how retinal function is …

In vertebrate outer retina, changes in the membrane potential of horizontal cells affect the
calcium influx and glutamate release of cone photoreceptors via a negative feedback. This …

Neurons communicate via Ca 2+-dependent release of neurotransmitters packaged into
vesicles (quanta). Some CNS neurons, especially sensory synapses, can release multiple …

Extracellular pH plays an important role in neuronal signaling. As primary receptors of pH
signals, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are able to translate fluctuations in the …

Ribbon A presynaptic structure that collects vesicles of neurotransmitter for release. Scotopic
The range of background illuminance from starlight to moonlight in which rods absorb one …

At the first synapse, in the outer plexiform layer of the retina, thousands of dendritic spines
from horizontal cells and bipolar cells synapse cone receptor cells. A continuum spine …